Title: Foreign Policy
Subject: American Government
Author: Ole J. Forsberg
Last saved by: jonnalabs

American Government
POL 101: Forsberg
Topic 9.4: Foreign Policy	Spring 2005

I.	Archetypes of Foreign Policy
1.	Isolationism/Interventionism
2.	Unilateralism/Multilateralism

Isolationism

Interventionism

Multilateralism

Unilateralism

The story of American Foreign Policy is a story of the rise and fall of these archetypes.

B.	Isolationism
1.	In his farewell address in 1796, President Washington admonished the nation to “steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world.” 
2.	In the late 18th century, most Americans were quite happy for the U.S. to be politically isolated and economically self-sufficient. 
3.	This philosophy, which came to be known as isolationism, still has strong appeal in American political culture, although it is no longer dominant.
C.	Interventionism
1.	In 1904, in an important extension of the Monroe Doctrine, President Teddy Roosevelt stated that a conflict in Latin America could require U.S. military action to forestall European intervention. 
2.	This policy was relied upon extensively by Presidents Taft and Wilson to justify U.S. military involvement in the Caribbean. 
3.	The practice of using American military power to achieve American interests abroad is known as interventionism or “gunboat diplomacy.”

D.	Unilateralism
1.	“Go it alone” policy.
2.	Used to strongly restate the sovereignty of the United States
3.	The initial impetus behind Gulf War II
E.	 Multilateralism
1.	Woodrow Wilson delivered his ‘14 Points’ speech to Congress on July 8, 1918
•	“A general association of nations must be formed…”
–	Point XIV
2.	Franklin Roosevelt’s creation of the UN and the ‘Concert of Europe.’
3.	This policy has been used to broaden both the support for military intervention and the burden of financing the conflict.

II.	State Foreign Policy
A.	A 1989 Oregon Ballot Measure was placed before the voters of Oregon designed to eliminate timber exports to foreign countries.  Oregonians were distressed at the closure of so many mills in Oregon, while the timber was being shipped overseas.  Lumber could still be exported, but timber could not.
B.	The results:
•	Yes: 	446,451
•	No:  	48,558
III.	Federal Foreign Policy
A.	Who makes it?
IV.	Articles of Confederation 
A.	Under the Articles:
1.	It had ... great weaknesses. 
It had no control over foreign or interstate commerce. Behind [this lack] was its inability to compel the States to honor the national obligations. It could make treaties but had no means to compel obedience to them; or to provide for the payment of the foreign debt. It had responsibility but no power as a national government; no means of coercing the States to obedience even to the very inadequate grant given to the "League of Friendship" by the Articles of Confederation. 
V.	Congressional Powers
A.	Congress may regulate commerce with foreign nations.  (§8)
B.	No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. (§10)
VI.	Judicial Powers
A.	In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls ... the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction.  (§2)
VII.	Presidential Powers
A.	His enumerated powers.
1.	He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors. (§2)
B.	But, if the president doesn’t derive his power to make foreign policy from the constitution, from where does it originate?
1.	Federalist #75 – Alexander Hamilton
2.	Supreme Court (John Marshall)
VIII.	The National Security Council:
•	Vice President:	Dick Cheney
•	Secretary of State:	Colin Powell
•	Secretary of Defense:	Donald Rumsfeld
•	Chairman of Joint Chiefs:	Richard B. Myers
•	National Security Advisor:	Condoleeza Rice
•	Director of CIA:	George J. Tenet
•	Secretary of the Treasury:	John Snow
•	Ad hoc members
IX.	Foreign Policy
“American foreign policy both drives history and is driven by history.  One cannot separate them and still understand them both fully.”
–	Ole’s Rule of Life #14

X.	Presidential Foreign Policy
A.	George Washington (1789 – 1797)
“Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable establishments, on a respectably defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies.”
B.	Thomas Jefferson (1801 – 1809)
•	Expansionism
•	Driven by view of agrarian country
“...peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none.”
C.	James Monroe (1817 – 1825)
•	After the War of 1812
•	The Monroe Doctrine 
D.	Theodore Roosevelt (1900 – 1909)
•	Bully Pulpit
•	“Walk softly, but carry a big stick.”
•	Great White Fleet
E.	Woodrow Wilson (1913 – 1921)
•	World War I
•	Fourteen Points
F.	Franklin Roosevelt (1932 – 1945)
•	Post-War ideals
•	Balance of Power
•	United Nations (October 24 1945)
•	Security Council
G.	Harry S Truman (1945 – 1953)
•	Marshall Plan (June 1947)
•	Berlin Blockade (June 1948) 
•	NATO (April 1949)
H.	John F. Kennedy (1961 – 1963)
"…pay any price, bear any burden...to assure the survival and the success of liberty" throughout the world.”
•	Portrayed as soft on Communism
•	Disastrous Summit with Nikita Kruschev
•	Bay of Pigs (April 1961)
•	Berlin Wall (1961)
•	Cuban Missile Crisis (Oct 1962)
I.	Richard M. Nixon (1969 – 1975)
•	Ending of Vietnam War
•	Opening of China
•	Détente
•	OPEC
J.	James E. Carter (1977 – 1981)
•	Human Rights
•	Fall of the Shah of Iran
•	Hostage Crisis
K.	Ronald Reagan (1981 – 1989)
•	Communism
•	Defense Buildup
L.	George H.W. Bush (1989 – 1993)
•	Collapse of the Soviet Union
•	The end of the Cold War
•	Iraqi invasion of Kuwait
•	Operation Desert Shield
•	Operation Desert Storm
M.	Bill Clinton (1993 – 2001)
•	Bosnia
•	Rwanda
•	Sudan
N.	George W. Bush (2001 – 2005)
•	September 11, 2001
•	War on Terror, Afghanistan, Iraq
•	Axis of Evil
•	The Relevance of the United Nations
XI.	Questions
A.	How do interest groups affect foreign policy?
B.	How does congress affect foreign policy of the presidents?
C.	How does presidential party affect the president’s foreign policy?
D.	How do the media affect foreign policy?
E.	How can average citizens affect foreign policy?
F.	Marx said, “men make history, but they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly encountered, given and transmitted from the past.”  Is this true?