Ethnic Conflict	
Ethnic Conflict Resolution by the United Nations
Thus far… 
•	Monday, we examined four methods/techniques used by third-parties in ethnic conflicts:
–	
–	Peace Enforcing
–	Peace Making
–	Peace Keeping
–	Peace Building
•	
•	Today:
–	We will examine the attempts of the United Nations
UN Peace Enforcing
•	Chapter VII of the UN Charter gives it the theoretical power to act according to the theory of collective security and use the military to enforce peace
•	But, the UN Security Council can only act if:
–	None of the five permanent members vetoes the action, and
–	Three-fifths of the 15 members vote in favor of the action
UN Peace Enforcing
•	Chapter VII, Article 42
–	Should the Security Council consider that measures provided for in Article 41 would be inadequate or have proved to be inadequate, it may take such action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security. Such action may include demonstrations, blockade, and other operations by air, sea, or land forces of Members of the United Nations.
UN Peace Enforcing
•	Chapter VII gives the UN its power to intervene in conflicts 
–	Collective Security
•	The UN should be an excellent source of intervention in ethnic conflicts:
–	The UN has an image of impartiality
–	Can de-escalate conflicts by keeping the two sides apart
–	Can de-escalate the conflict by using its many specialized agencies
Chapter VII Resolutions
–	
–	Palestine 	1948	1/0
–	Korea	1950	3/0
–	Congo	1961	2/0
–	Rhodesia	1966-1977	8/6
–	South Africa	1977-1994	2/2
–	Falklands	1982	1/0
–	Iran/Iraq	1987	1/0
–	Iraq	1990-2002	58/55
–	Yugoslavia	1991-2002	75/68
–	Somalia	1992-2002	12/11
–	Libya	1992-1998	4/3
–	Liberia	1992-2002	4/3
–	Haiti	1993-1994	7/7
–	Angola	1993-2002	17/16
–	Aouzou Strip	1994	1/1
–	Rwanda	1994-2002	9/9
–	Sudan	1996-2002	3/3
–	Zaire	1996	2/1
–	Albania	1997	2/2
–	Bangui	1997-1998	5/5
–	Sierra Leone	1997-2002	11/7
–	DRC	1999-2002	9/4
–	East Timor	1999-2002	3/3
–	Afghanistan	1999-2002	8/8
–	Eth/Eritrea	2000	3/2
–	Int. Terror	2001-2002	2/2
–	ICC	2002	1/1

Current Missions
•	
–	UNTSO 	1948	Middle East
–	UNMOGIP 	1949	PAK/IND
–	UNFICYP	1964	Cyprus
–	UNDOF	1974	Golan
–	UNIFIL	1978	Lebanon
–	MINURSO	1991	W. Sahara
–	UNOMIG	1993	Georgia
–	UNMIK	1999	Kosovo
–	MUNOC	1999	DRC
–	UNMEE	2000	ETH/ERI
–	UNMIL	2003	Liberia
–	UNOCI	2004	Côte d’Ivoire
–	MINUSTAH	2004	Haiti
–	UNMIS	2005	Southern Sudan
–	UNMIT	2006	Timor Leste
–	
Completed Missions
–	
–	UNEF I	1956-67	Egypt/Israel
–	UNOGIL	1958	Lebanon
–	ONUC	1960-64	Congo
–	UNSF	1962-63	New Guinea
–	UNYOM	1963-64	Yemen
–	DOMREP	1965-66	Dominican R
–	UNIPOM	1966	PAK/IND
–	UNEF II	1973-79	Egypt/Israel
–	UNGOMAP	1988-90	AFG/PAK
–	UNIIMOG	1988-91	Iran/Iraq
–	UNAVEM I	1989-91	Angola
–	UNTAG	1989-90	Namibia
–	ONUCA	1989-92	C. America
–	UNIKOM	1991-03	Kuwait
–	UNAVEM II	1991-95	Angola
–	ONUSAL	1991-95	El Salvador
–	UNAMIC	1991-92	Cambodia
–	UNPROFOR	1992-95	Yugoslavia
–	UNTAC	1992-93	Cambodia
–	UNOSOM I	1992-93	Somalia
–	ONUMOZ	1992-94	Mozambique
–	UNOSOM II	1993-95	Somalia
–	UNOMUR	1993-94	UGA/RWA
–	UNOMIL	1993-97	Liberia
–	UNMIH	1993-96	Haiti
–	UNAMIR	1993-96	Rwanda
–	UNASOG	1994	Aouzou Strip
–	UNMOT	1994-00	Tajikistan
–	UNAVEM III	1995-97	Angola
–	UNCRO	1995-96	Croatia
–	UNPREDEP	1995-99	FYROM
–	UNMIBH	1995-02	Bosnia
–	UNTAES	1996-98	Croatia
–	UNMOP	1996-02	Croatia
–	UNSMIH	1996-97	Haiti
–	MINUGUA	1997	Guatemala
–	MONUA	1997-99	Angola
–	UNTMIH	1997	Haiti
–	MINOPUH	1997-00	Haiti
–	MINURCA	1998-00	CAR
–	UNOMSIL	1998-99	Sierra Leone
–	UNAMSIL	1999-05	Sierra Leone
–	UNTAET	1999-02	Timor Leste
–	UNMISET	2002-05	Timor Leste
–	ONUB	2004-06	Burundi

UN Peacekeeping
•	During the Cold War, with the US and the USSR both being permanent members, very few Chapter VII events could happen
•	Because of this, Chapter VI events became prevalent
–	These Chapter VI events are considered peacekeeping missions
–	The UN has had 61 since its founding
•	There are seven requirements for these Chapter VI missions
–	Prior consent of both parties
–	Impartiality
–	Force only for self-defense and self-protection
–	Chapter VI mandate from USSC
–	Changes in mandate must be accepted by all parties
–	Troops provided by member states under control of UN Secretary General
–	Peacekeepers financed by the UN
UN Peace Making
•	Operates under the Theory of Preventative Diplomacy

•	Not mentioned in the Charter
–	UN studies the issue
–	UN makes recommendation to the parties
•	Unfortunately, the UN is more US than UN in how it was created
–	Thus: it deals with states and not sub-state actors like ethnic groups
UN Peace Making
•	The successful peace making events seemed to be based on the personality of the UN Secretary General
–	El Salvador’s civil war
–	USSR withdrawing from Afghanistan
–	Timorese independence
–	Cambodian transition
–	Lebanese hostages
–	Iran-Iraq War
UN Peace Building
•	What the UN does
–	Economic development projects
–	Educating members of each side about the other side
–	Achieving the common goals of the two sides
–	Build the confidence of each side about the other