Ethnic Conflict	
Ethnic Conflict Resolution by Third Parties
Thus far… 
•	We have examined issues that arise during ethnic conflicts
•	Next, we will look at how third parties attempt to resolve the issues

•	Today:
–	We will discuss our research questions in class
–	We will examine the attempts of third parties, in general
Four Techniques Used
•	Peace Making
•	Peace Enforcing
•	Peace Keeping
•	Peace Building

•	Each has a different target and a different hoped-for outcome
Peace Making
•	Objectives:
–	Induce (or coerce) the adversaries to sign a peace accord that is in their best interests
•	Targets:
–	Leaders of both sides
•	Qualities:
–	Prior consent of the parties not needed
–	Impartial
–	Substantial, leveraged mediation
Peace Making
•	Should not be confused with peace keeping

•	Peacemaking:
–	Peace does not exist yet
–	The organization undertakes action designed to bring about a peace
•	Purely politico-diplomatic activity
•	Encouragement of both sides to come to the table and negotiate

Peace Enforcing
•	Objectives:
–	Coerce (through violent force) the adversaries to accept and implement peace accord
•	Targets:
–	Both Leaders and Soldiers
•	Qualities:
–	Take sides, if needed
–	Use of force—heavily, if needed
–	Prior consent of parties not needed
–	The outside state takes sides in the  war and cause a side to win
–	Requires “Boots on Ground” for the outside state
Peace Enforcing
•	Tends to be overt military action on the part of the third party
•	Does not assist the people of the state, only designed to end open hostilities
–	When the government is the support target, the rebels will tend to be driven underground
–	Tends to create: Insurgency and Guerilla Warfare
Peace Keeping
•	Objectives: 
–	Stop the violence
–	Implement the peace accords
•	Targets:
–	Soldiers (and rebel fighters)
•	Qualities:
–	Prior consent of all parties necessary
–	Impartial
–	Very limited use of force, if at all
•	Usually the RoE require only return fire, if that
–	Keep the sides apart
Peace Keeping
•	Not to be used to halt conflict, only ensure the continued peace
•	Keeps peace, does not create it—that is the purpose of peace making
•	If there is no peace accord to implement, then this has no hope of success
–	In those cases, it has no endpoint
Peace Building
•	Objectives:
–	Foster mutual understanding between adversaries
–	Reconstruction of (war-torn) societies
•	Targets:
–	Masses (and rulers)
•	Qualities:
–	Can be both pre- and post-conflict
–	Policy coordination between various agencies essential
–	An aim of socio-economic and political development

Peace Building
•	Some activities:
–	Building of state’s infrastructure
–	Increase spending for education
–	Economic aid to government
–	Increase of trade with state
•	Fundamental purposes:
–	Give the people a vested interest in peace in the state
–	Give the state a vested interest in joining the society of states
–	Give the rulers a vested interest in keeping the people happy
–	Give the people a sense of civic nationalism
Examples
•	Peace Making:
–	European Union in Yugoslavia
–	NATO in Yugoslavia
–	African Union in Sudan
–	OAS in Haiti
•	Peace Keeping:
–	NATO in Kosovo
–	MFO in Sinai
–	ECOMOG in Côte d’Ivoire
–	Any of the 61 UN DPKO operations
Examples
•	Peace Enforcing:
–	ECOMOG in Liberia (1990), Guinea-Bissau (1999), Sierra Leone (1997, 1999), and Guinea–Liberia (2001)
–	NATO in Bosnia (1994)
–	NATO in Kosovo (1999)
•	Peace Building:
–	USA in Afghanistan
–	USA in Iraq
–	France in Zaïre
–	
Assignment
•	Taras and Ganguly: 96-111

•	Next:
–	Ethnic Resolution by the United Nations

•	Look Ahead:
–	Literature Review due 12 October