Ethnic Conflict	
Humanitarian Emergencies
Last Class: 
•	In our last class, among other things, we: 
–	Received a brief history of Rwanda
–	Thought about the effects of ethnicity on both the history of that state and on the genocide of 1994
•	Today:
–	We will discuss humanitarian problems brought about by ethnic conflict
Humanitarian Issues
•	Displaced persons
•	Human rights violations
•	Child soldiers
War, what is it good for?
•	Creating Internally Displaced Persons and Refugees
•	Violating Human Rights
•	Conscripting Child Soldiers
Displaced Persons
•	Internally Displaced Persons
•	Refugees
•	
•	Tend to create ethnically homogenous regions within states
•	Economic burden on the receiving state
•	Political burden on the receiving state
–	Including possible war between the two states
Internally Displaced Persons
•	Number of Internally Displaced Persons, and Internally Displaced Persons as a percentage of total population in the northern Ugandan districts affected by the Lord’s Action Resistance militia
Internally Displaced Persons
•	Numbers in several states:
–	
–	Afghanistan: 200,000 
–	Azerbaijan: 578,545 
–	Bosnia: 309,240 
–	Burundi: 170,000 
–	Colombia: 1,580,396 - 3,410,041 
–	DRC: 2,330,000
–	India: 600,000+
–	Indonesia: 342,000-600,000 
–	Russia: 339,000 
–	Sri Lanka: 352,374 
–	Turkey: 350,000 - 1,000,000+ 
–	Sudan: 6,000,000 
–	Uganda: 1,400,000 
–	United States: ~1,000,000 

Displaced Persons
•	IDP solutions?
–	None. Why?
•	Refugee-receiving state solutions?
–	Closed borders 
–	Concentration camps (deterrence)
Displaced Persons
•	International NGO solutions?
–	Helping IDPs requires the acquiescence of the state, which is rare
–	Helping refugees also requires the receiving state to allow the help, but they tend to grant that permission more freely
–	Unfortunately, the refugees may use the aid to purchase arms to take up against their home state
Human Rights Violations
•	Rape, torture, and other forms of abuse is used by all sides in a conflict
–	Why? Terror helps keep people in line. If they fear you, you can focus elsewhere.
•	To quote The Man in Black:
–	“Once word leaks out that a pirate has gone soft, people begin to disobey you, and then it's nothing but work, work, work, all the time.”
•	Four levels of combat:
–	Belligerents
–	Insurgents
–	Guerillas
–	Civil War participants
•	When a soldier looks like a civilian, civilians become classified as soldiers
Child Soldiers
•	According to Amnesty International:
–	Between 1994 and 1998, 300,000 children under the age of 15 participated in 35 conflicts around the world, although not always as gun-carrying soldiers
•	Cooks, cleaners, guards, sex slaves
Child Soldiers (Europe)
•	Child soldiers used in:
–	Chechnya
Child Soldiers (Americas)
•	Child soldiers used in:
–	Colombia
Child Soldiers (Middle East)
•	Child soldiers used in:
–	Iran
–	Iraq
–	Israel
–	Yemen 
Child Soldiers (Asia)
•	Child soldiers used in:
–	Afghanistan
–	India
–	Indonesia
–	Laos
–	Sri Lanka
–	Philippines
–	Myanmar
Child Soldiers (Africa)
•	In Africa, approximately 200,000 used in:
–	Burundi
–	Côte d'Ivoire
–	Democratic Republic of Congo
–	Rwanda
–	Sierra Leone
–	Somalia
–	Sudan
–	Uganda
Lord’s Resistance Army
•	Formed in 1987
•	Paramilitary group operating mainly in northern Uganda and parts of Sudan
•	Armed rebellion against the Ugandan government
•	One of Africa's longest-running conflicts
•	The leader is Joseph Kony
•	Accused of systematic human rights violations, including:
–	Mutilation
–	Torture
–	Rape
–	Abduction of civilians
–	Use of child soldiers
–	Several massacres
Child Soldiers
•	February 21: Red Hand Day 
–	Commemoration day to draw public attention to the practice of using children as soldiers in wars and armed conflicts. 
Child Soldiers
•	Why do children willingly join?
•	Why is the use of child soldiers so condemned in International Law?
•	Why are child soldiers worse than adult soldiers?
Assignment
•	Taras and Ganguly 2006: 75-86 
•	Tomorrow:
–	Rogue and Failed states: Should we really care?