Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Democracy
US Foreign Policy and Ethnic Conflict
What is foreign policy?
•	Declared intentions and corresponding actions in context of external relations
•	Components of the policy-making process:
–	President
–	National Security Council
–	State Department and DOD
–	The Congress
–	The Media
–	Interest Groups, etc.
–	Public at large
–	Other governments
Case by Case
•	Forming policy includes these steps:
–	Problem/Issue Identification
•	What is the issue at hand?
–	How significant is the issue?
–	What is the legitimate government role?
–	Policy implementation and required resources?
Context of USFP 
•	The United States has several defining characteristics to our foreign policy:
–	Sense of superiority 
–	Sense of destiny
–	Role model of democracy
–	Benign isolationism by public
–	Detachment by public
–	Moral dichotomy
–	Belief that right makes might
–	Ahistoricism
Fundamental Principles
•	Our fundamental principles in creating foreign policy:
–	Observe good faith and justice with all other nations 
–	Initiate peace and harmony with all
–	Avoid permanent entanglements
–	Avoid hatred of some nations
–	Avoid love of other nations
–	Have commercial relations with all, but political connections with none
Foreign Policy Doctrine
•	What is it?
–	A broad statement of foreign policy plans
–	A belief and interpretation of policy
•	Elements of a Doctrine:
–	Statement of national interest
–	Conditions of applicability
–	Resources committed to promote interests
–	Looking at time frame and targets
Monroe Doctrine
•	Our first foreign policy doctrine
–	It came about after Napoleon defeated the “Holy Alliance”
–	It divided the world into two hemispheric territories: the New World and Europe
–	Europe will not enter into our affairs (New World)
–	No alliances with Europe
•	However:
–	Only worked when Great Britain supported it
•	Why?
Roosevelt Corollary
•	A new doctrine for a new century
–	Extension to the Monroe Doctrine
–	It asserted the right of the United States to intervene to stabilize the economic affairs of small nations in the Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their international debts 
•	Established unilateralism as a guiding principle
–	We had the power at this point to back up our doctrine
The Wilson Doctrine
•	Introduction of Idealism
–	Our domestic policies should inform our foreign policies
•	Assumptions:
–	States are rational
–	Natural harmony will be created among all nations in a peaceful and orderly world
–	A need to transform the world by law, mutual respect, and international obligations (not through force)
–	Democracy is preferred form of government
The Truman Doctrine
•	Marxism–Leninist ideology was the enemy
•	Kennan’s “Long Telegram” suggested how to form policy
–	Recognize Soviet system
–	Re-educate American public
–	Concentrate on health and vigor of western society
–	Make statement of national interest
–	Rely on American fundamental democratic ideals
•	Our solution: 
–	Long-term containment
After Containment
•	Issues with containment
–	Our economy was having problems
–	Our public was tired of the fighting
•	Viet Nam
–	Nixon replaced containment with détente
•	Peaceful coexistence
•	Not mutual annoyance
•	Allowed our economy to right itself
•	Allowed the Cold War battles to be taken off the battlefield and onto the negotiation table
After Détente
•	Reagan was the quintessential communist fighter
–	Detested détente
–	Saw it as a violation of the US identity
–	Restarted the Cold War
•	MX Missile
•	Arms race
•	Economic pressure
•	The Soviet Union could not keep up with our economy at that point
–	It also hurt them to go through four premiers within four years
After the Cold War
•	George H. W. Bush
–	The New World Order
•	Warming of US and UN relations
•	Emphasis on coalition
•	Emphasis on multilateralism
•	Emphasis on international law 
•	Emphasis on international organizations, in general
•	The Gulf War Coalition:
–	Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Honduras, Italy, Kuwait, Morocco, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Korea, Spain, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom
•	Bill Clinton
–	Interventionist
–	Multilateral (if possible)
–	Human-based
•	To right human rights abuses
•	Nation building emphasized
–	Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia
•	Proposals and threats
•	Airstrikes
–	Kosovo in Serbia
•	NATO strikes
–	Haiti
•	Operation Uphold Democracy
•	Bill Clinton
–	Somalia
•	Continued Bush intervention
•	Withdrew after Black Hawk Down
–	Rwanda
•	No real response
–	Sudan
•	Airstrikes against chemical weapons plant
–	Iraq
•	Continued Bush’s No-Fly Zones
•	Destroyed several Iraqi radar installations
The Bush Doctrine
•	The National Security Strategy of the United States (2002)
–	Lasting institutions and alliances
–	Purposeful interaction
–	Champion aspirations for human dignity
–	Fight against terrorism and counteract WMD
–	It asserts the right of preemptive action as form of self defense
•	How much of this was actually followed?
–	Is it rare to not follow a doctrine?
•	Primary foundations
–	Retain our control over our own destiny because we earned the capability
–	We are the leader of the free world, but we must deal with how the world has changed beneath us
–	We must be proactive and engaged to meet multiple challenges
•	Against nation building
–	Goals are too vague
•	How do we know when to leave?
–	Operation Secured Tomorrow
The Bush Doctrine (revised)
•	Proclaimed in 2005
–	New doctrine allows for preemptive use of nuclear capability 
•	Why? We keep the advantage
–	Refers to putting nations on notice
–	Ambitious national security recognizing limitations
•	Idealistic about goals but realistic about means
–	This is very neoconservative
–	Admits nation building is important
–	Creates the Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization
Criticisms of USFP
•	Contradictions between idealistic rhetoric and actual practices
•	What is more important?
–	Realism
•	Military involvement
•	Power calculations
–	Idealism
•	Human rights
•	Exporting democracy
•	American exceptionalism